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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:2px solid #90ee90"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90ee90;padding:0.2em;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="Darwin's_finches" title="Darwin's finches">Darwin's finches</a> by <a href="John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.55em; background-color: transparent;">
<div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolution" title="Evolution">Main</a></li>
<li><a href="Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li></ul>
<div class="hlist">
</div>
<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of evolutionary biology">Glossary</a></li>
<li><a href="Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_life" title="History of life">History</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Processes and outcomes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">Diversity</a></li>
<li><a href="Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li>
<li><a href="Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li>
<li><a href="Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li>
<li><a href="Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li>
<li><a href="Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li>
<li><a href="Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li>
<li><a href="Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></li>
<li><a href="Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li>
<li><a href="Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Co-operation</a></li>
<li><a href="Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Coextinction" title="Coextinction">Coextinction</a></li>
<li><a href="Contingency_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Contingency (evolutionary biology)">Contingency</a></li>
<li><a href="Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li>
<li><a href="Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li>
<li><a href="Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></li></ul>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Natural history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li>
<li><a href="Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li>
<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Human evolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li>
<li><a href="Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>
<li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li>
<li><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Classification</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Evolutionary taxonomy</a></li>
<li><a href="Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li>
<li><a href="Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li></ul>
</div></div></div></td>
</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History of evolutionary theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist">
<ul><li><a href="History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Overview</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance</a></li>
<li><a href="Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Before Darwin</a></li>
<li><a href="Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a></li>
<li><i><a href="On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i></li>
<li><a href="The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Before synthesis</a></li>
<li><a href="Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evo-devo</a></li>
<li><a href="Current_research_in_evolutionary_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Current research in evolutionary biology">Current research</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_speciation" title="History of speciation">History of speciation</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a> (<a href="Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">timeline</a>)</li></ul>
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</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:transparent;">
<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields and applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="Applications_of_evolution" title="Applications of evolution">Applications of evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Biosocial criminology</a></li>
<li><a href="Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Evolutionary anthropology</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_computation" title="Evolutionary computation">Evolutionary computation</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary economics</a></li>
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<li><a href="Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_game_theory" title="Evolutionary game theory">Evolutionary game theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Evolutionary linguistics</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li>
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<li><a href="Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li>
<li><a href="Experimental_evolution" title="Experimental evolution">Experimental evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Invasion_genetics" title="Invasion genetics">Invasion genetics</a></li>
<li><a href="Island_biogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Island biogeography">Island biogeography</a></li>
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<li><a href="Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li>
<li><a href="Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" title="Laboratory experiments of speciation">Speciation experiments</a></li>
<li><a href="Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li>
<li><a href="Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li>
<li><a href="Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:#90ee90;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Social implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist">
<ul><li><a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li>
<li><a href="Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">Evolution as fact and theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li>
<li><a href="Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects</a></li>
<li><a href="Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li>
<li><a href="Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Objections_to_evolution" title="Objections to evolution">Objections to evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Level_of_support_for_evolution" title="Level of support for evolution">Level of support</a></li>
<li><a href="Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature-nurture controversy</a></li></ul></div></div></td>
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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AEvolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></span></li>
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<p><b>Parallel evolution</b> is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response to similar evolutionary pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallel_vs._convergent_evolution">Parallel vs. convergent evolution</h2></div>
<p>Given a trait that occurs in each of two lineages descended from a specified ancestor, it is possible in theory to define parallel and convergent evolutionary trends strictly, and distinguish them clearly from one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the criteria for defining convergent as opposed to parallel evolution are unclear in practice, so that arbitrary diagnosis is common. When two species share a trait, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors are known to have shared that similarity; if not, it is defined as convergent. However, the stated conditions are a matter of degree; all organisms share common ancestors. Scientists differ on whether the distinction is useful.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallel_evolution_between_marsupials_and_placentals">Parallel evolution between marsupials and placentals</h2></div>
<p>A number of examples of parallel evolution are provided by the two main branches of the <a href="Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, the <a href="Placentals" class="mw-redirect" title="Placentals">placentals</a> and <a href="Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, which have followed independent evolutionary pathways following the break-up of land-masses such as <a href="Gondwanaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gondwanaland">Gondwanaland</a> roughly 100 million years ago. In <a href="Neotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropic">South America</a>, marsupials and placentals shared the ecosystem (before the <a href="Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a>); in <a href="Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>, marsupials prevailed; and in the <a href="Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and <a href="Nearctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nearctic">North America</a> the placentals won out. However, in all these localities mammals were small and filled only limited places in the ecosystem until the <a href="Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">mass extinction of dinosaurs</a> sixty-five million years ago. At this time, mammals on all three landmasses began to take on a much wider variety of forms and roles. While some forms were unique to each environment, surprisingly similar animals have often emerged in two or three of the separated continents. Examples of these include the placental sabre-toothed cats (<a href="Machairodontinae" title="Machairodontinae">Machairodontinae</a>) and the South American marsupial sabre-tooth <i>(<a href="Thylacosmilus" title="Thylacosmilus">Thylacosmilus</a>)</i>; the <a href="Tasmanian_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmanian wolf">Tasmanian wolf</a> and the European <a href="Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>; likewise marsupial and placental <a href="Marsupial_mole" title="Marsupial mole">moles</a>, <a href="Sugar_glider" title="Sugar glider">flying squirrels</a>, and (arguably) <a href="Antechinus" title="Antechinus">mice</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallel_coevolution_of_traits_between_hummingbirds_and_sunbirds_contributing_to_ecological_guilds">Parallel coevolution of traits between hummingbirds and sunbirds contributing to ecological guilds</h2></div>
<p><a href="Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">Hummingbirds</a> and <a href="Sunbird" title="Sunbird">sunbirds</a>, two <a href="Nectarivore" title="Nectarivore">nectarivorous</a> bird lineages in the New and Old Worlds have parallelly evolved a suite of specialized <a href="Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">behavioral</a> and <a href="Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomical</a> traits. These traits (bill shape, digestive enzymes, and <a href="Convergent_evolution#Flight" title="Convergent evolution">flight</a>) allow the birds to optimally fit the flower-feeding-and-pollination <a href="Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">ecological niche</a> they occupy, which is shaped by the birds' suites of parallel traits. Thus, a parallel coevolved behavioral syndrome within the birds creates an <a href="Emergence#Living,_biological_systems" title="Emergence">emergent</a> <a href="Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">guild</a> of highly specialized birds and highly adapted plants, each exploiting the other's involvement in the flowers' pollination in the Old World and New World alike.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The <a href="Beak" title="Beak">bill</a> shape of nectarivores, being long and needle-like, allows them to reach down a flower's <a href="Flower#Reproductive" title="Flower">pistil/stamen</a> and get at the <a href="Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> within. Nectarivores may also use their specialized bills to engage in <a href="Nectar_robbing" title="Nectar robbing">nectar robbing</a>, a practice seen in both hummingbirds and sunbirds in which the bird gets nectar by making a hole in the base of the flower's <a href="Corolla_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Corolla tube">corolla tube</a> instead of inserting its bill through the tube as is standard, thus "robbing" the flower of nectar since it is not pollinated it in return.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Nectarivores and <a href="Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">ornithophilous</a> flowers often exist in mutualistic guild relationships facilitated by the bird's bill shape, food source, and digestive ability acting in concert with the flower's tube shape and adaptation to pollination by hovering or perching birds. The birds eat nectar using their long, thin bills and, in so doing, collect pollen on their bills; this pollen is then transferred to the next flower they feed on. This mutualism coevolved in parallel between the Old World and New World birds and their respective flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the digestive enzyme activity in nectarivores matching the nectar composition in their respective flowers appears to have coevolved in parallel between plants and pollinators across continents, as the nectarivorous lineages independently evolved the ability to digest the nectar specific to their flowers, resulting in distinct guilds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The capacity of nectarivores to digest <a href="Sucrose" title="Sucrose">sucrose</a> is far greater than that of other avian <a href="Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a>. This difference is due to an analogous high concentration of <b>sucrase-isomaltase</b>, an <a href="Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> that <a href="Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzes</a> sucrose. Sucrase activity per unit intestinal surface area appears to be higher in nectarivores than in other birds, meaning these nectarivorous avians can digest more sucrose more rapidly than other taxa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the Adaptive Modulation Hypothesis does not apply for nectarivores and sugar-digesting enzymes, meaning that two lineages of nectarivores should not necessarily both have high sucrase-isomaltase concentrations even though they both eat nectar. Thus, parallel acquisition of analogous sucrose digestive capability is a reasonable conclusion because there is no apparent cause for the two lineages to share this high enzyme concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parallel evolution, an example may be the Pyrotherians evolved a body plan similar to proboscideans: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossPQ.html">Online Biology Glossary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713090726/http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossPQ.html">Archived</a> 2007-07-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Zhang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, J. and Kumar, S. 1997. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kumarlab.net/pdf_new/ZhangKumar97.pdf">Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214043/http://www.kumarlab.net/pdf_new/ZhangKumar97.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Mol. Biol. Evol.</i> <b>14</b>, 527-36.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Francisco Ornelas. Serrate Tomia: An Adaptation for Nectar Robbing in Hummingbirds?. <i>The Auk</i>, Volume 111, Issue 3, January 1994, pp. 703-710.</span>
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<dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl>
<ul><li>Dawkins, R. 1986. <a href="The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a>. Norton & Company.</li>
<li>Mayr. 1997. What is Biology. Harvard University Press</li>
<li>Schluter, D., E. A. Clifford, M. Nemethy, and J. S. McKinnon. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dolph_Schluter/publication/8443971_Parallel_Evolution_and_Inheritance_of_Quantitative_Traits/links/00463523b3a844fb60000000.pdf">Parallel evolution and inheritance of quantitative traits</a>. American Naturalist 163: 809–822.</li>
<li>McGhee, G.R. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QwDSr1qdqXUC&q=%22parallel+evolution%22">Convergent Evolution: Limited Forms Most Beautiful</a>. Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, Cambridge (MA). 322 pp.</li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_ecology52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Evolutionary_ecology52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns of evolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">Coloration evidence for natural selection</a></li>
<li><a href="Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_examples_of_convergent_evolution" title="List of examples of convergent evolution">examples</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergent evolution</a></li>
<li><a href="Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li>
<li><a href="Predator_satiation" title="Predator satiation">Predator satiation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a></li>
<li><a href="Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Alarm_signal" title="Alarm signal">Alarm signal</a></li>
<li><a href="Aposematism" title="Aposematism">Aposematism</a></li>
<li><a href="Apparent_death" title="Apparent death">Apparent death</a></li>
<li><a href="Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li>
<li><a href="Distraction_display" title="Distraction display">Distraction display</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li>
<li><a href="Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li>
<li><a href="Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li>
<li><a href="Unkenreflex" title="Unkenreflex">Unkenreflex</a></li></ul>
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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-15" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Parallel_evolution&oldid=1295661772">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.
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